Taking Essay Samples in IELTS Can Help Students Improve Their Writing Skills

Taking Essay Samples in IELTS Can Help Students Improve Their Writing SkillsThere are a large number of essay samples in IELTS. Students take the test every day and many more at one time to learn the skill and concentration of the test.There are so many sites that offer essay samples in Ari-Has English, which can help students improve their writing skills quickly. It is important to make use of an essay samples in IELTS to ensure that the results are accurate and help students to find the right one.The first thing that students have to know is that the goal of the test is to have students learn the basics of the English language. If a student only focuses on this skill, it can affect his or her progress. In order to learn how to use grammar, the test has made changes to the style and content of the language lessons. So, it is necessary to take an essay samples in IELTS for students to be able to understand what is being taught.Students that know how to read can choose to write essays for Ari-Has. The online writing lesson allows them to start using the language immediately.One benefit of taking an essay samples in Ari-Has is that they will be able to practice using a sentence structure while writing. This allows students to see how to use a certain approach to the language. In the actual exam, students will see where they stand compared to other students. It is possible to notice an increase in confidence as they understand what is expected of them.Students will also be able to take an essay samples in Ari-Has to ensure that they improve their understanding of how to write a concise, reliable, and well-written essay. The time allotted for each lesson will be based on the amount of time that a student needs to write. The test will be completely different from the one that students get in an actual exam. Most of the lessons will focus on writing an essay, as opposed to other skills like speaking and listening.An Ari-Has essay sample provides a student with a much better practice in learning to write a short essay. The writers will get started using all the keywords that are used in the real exam. The lessons will not only help students to improve their writing skills but also to learn the skills that will enable them to deal with different situations and topics.

A Study For The Children s Aid Society - 870 Words

The majority of trans* individuals realize in early childhood (i.e. between the ages of 2 to 4 years) that their assigned gender, by birth and societal expectations, is not congruent with their inner sense of self, as a result their earliest experiences of validation or rejection are rooted within the family system (Bernal Coolhart, 2012). In 2012, Travers et al., conducted a study for the Children’s Aid Society in Toronto, Ontario. Their goal was to investigate the impact of strong parental support for trans* youth between the ages of 16-34. Through the use of self-report methods trans* youth reporting positive parental support, compared to those reporting little to no support demonstrated significant increases in life satisfaction, mental health, self-esteem and the likelihood of obtaining adequate housing. Of the 433 youth surveyed 34% reported they had parents they considered â€Å"very supportive,† leaving 67% of trans* youth rating their level of parental support between â€Å"somewhat† to â€Å"not at all.† Therefore, in order to address the needs of this large population of unsupported youth a TA-CBT therapist must understand the cognitive blockages underlying discrimination and rejection toward this population. Unique to a trans* population is a change in their outward gender appearance. It is not uncommon for family members to state â€Å"why can’t you just be gay† after disclosure, highlighting the difference family member’s face when trying to accept an individual coming out asShow MoreRelatedShould Aids Victims Be Ostracized1578 Words   |  7 PagesShould Aids Victims Be Ostracized I strongly disagree with the moot. AIDS, or the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome has been one of the most threatening diseases of the 20th century. 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ItRead MoreQualitative Critique Of Aids Orphans1189 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative Critique of AIDS Orphans Living in a Township The article is conveying how orphans live and are affected by AIDS taking one, both or a loved one who is afflicted with AIDS. Surviving the death of a loved one ensures a hard life that is vividly verbalized by the orphans. VanRooyen, Frood, Ricks will follow an organized and appropriate presentation of these orphans that live in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors Van Rooyen, Frood, Ricks, (2012) stipulated that AIDS is a disease that affectsRead MoreWar On Drugs And Its Effects On Society Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Drugs was established in the early 70’s to end drug abuse, which had increasingly become a problem during that era. Considering drugs will continue to be manufactured and consumed, this war has no end. And because there is no boundaries, there is room for discrimination and people being targeted. A disproportionate amount of minorities, particularly African Americans, are incarcerated every year for drug possession. As a result, children of the indicted are negatively impacted, oftenRead MoreHIV/AIDS Research Paper1253 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS Throughout history, few illnesses have carried as much significance as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS. Similar human catastrophes have presented in our history such as, bubonic plague, leprosy and tuberculosis. All of these dreaded sicknesses have caused pain and suffering across cultures. Pain is associated with the physical distress of the patient, suffering is culturally distinctive, it describes the affliction of the human spirit and how community members cope with it.Read MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pages Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a condition many children and young adult are diagnosed with today. 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Migration and Cosmopolitan Dilemma

Question: Discuss about the Migration and Cosmopolitan Dilemma. Answer: Introduction Society is built on peace, security, and development of human rights. When one of these elements is ignored, a foundation of establishing unstable society is created(Churchill, 2006, p. 18). Therefore, it is the duty of all national and global human rights governing bodies to ensure that all the three aspects thrive together. However, in their efforts of balancing the three aspects, they may find themselves in dilemmas which sometimes becomes difficult to solve. This paper explores the case study of "Climate Change, Migration and the Cosmopolitan Dilemma" in Europe as written by(Held, 2016, p. 237). The paper purposes to offer solutions to various human rights dilemmas appearing in the case. The surveillance of the European nation's borders was meant to curb the illegal migrants. However, it turned out to be the violation of the human rights. The immigration policies adopted by the European countries included evicting and denying access to more asylum seekers, tight visa requirements and strict sanctions on airline carriers. Additionally, the police were given powers to check the identities of the people they suspected. The bestowment of this power contributed to the abuse of human rights and an opportunity to advance discrimination on certain ethnic races(Donnelly, 2013, p. 23). From the above scenario it clear that illegal immigration was used by the European nations to threaten the development of human rights. European nations being the leading advocators of the human rights and peace in the third world countries they should be on the front line ensuring the development of the human rights. However, their approaches to prevention illegal migrants in their countries seem to put them in a dilemma. Human beings may be forced by particular circumstances to seek refuge from the foreign nations. Therefore, European nations can resolve this dilemma by establishing the immigration agencies. This should be supplemented by thorough checking in the airports and harbors. Those who are found to have entered the country be registered with immigrant agencies with a condition to stay in a country for a specified period and then they will be returned to their countries. Migratory pressures resulting from the past patterns such as 2009/2011 wars in Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan and others and the current climatic changes have forced European nations adapt to containment policies (Chong, 2014). The containment policies came into place when the residents from the most affected regions such as North African, and the Middle East were in need of help. This was after the developed nations interventions failed. At the hour of the need European nations gave a blind eye to widespread human suffering from those regions. This paper suggests that European nations could have set refugee settlements to give temporary stay for the asylums running way from the asylum countries. This could have helped to build peace and enhance the human rights of the evicted victims. Preventing the entry of refugees seeking help was a failure to observe human rights as enshrined in the United Nations Human Rights Charter. The Mediterranean Sea has been the key point of the immigrants to enter Europe. This has been fueled by the political instabilities and harsh environmental conditions in their countries. However, Europe nations perceive that the immigrants escape their countries to seek for a better economy. This may have some truth, but the cases of Libyan, Somalia and Syria have been because of political wars. European nations led by Italia felt that illegal immigration hand intensified and therefore, established mechanisms to prevent the entry of the immigrants through the Mediterranean Sea. Italian move influenced the rest of the European nations who joined the Sea search and rescue missions in the sea(Marks, 2011, p. 142). European nations approach was not a solution to the illegal immigration. In fact, it was heightening the number of immigrants deaths in the sea. To solve this menace, European Union came up with the three suggestions. First, to derails the operations of the human traffickers and smugglers. Second, to increase funds meant for European Union border protection. Third, to enhance the protection of refugees. The third suggestion called for the implementation of the Common European Asylum System with similar procedures to help in dealing with the refugees claims(European Council, 2015). However, this was not a mitigation to the Mediterranean because of divided regional interests. This paper recommends it is the responsibility and the duty of each country to ensure protection of the human rights. The European Union could not have planned for the joint refugee's system. Instead, each country should have coined its policies which are in line with United Charter on human rights. This will ensure that an individual country deals with this critical issue instead of living it to the regional bloc. References Churchill, R. P., 2006. Human rights and global diversity. S.l.: Routledge. Daniel P. L. Chong, 2014. Debating human rights. Boulder Ed. S.l.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Donnelly, J., 2013. International human rights. Boulder Ed. S.l. Westview Press. European Council, 2015. Report by President Donald Tusk to the European Parliament on the special European Council on Migration'. [Online] Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/ press-releases/2015/04/29-report-tusk-european-parliament/ [Accessed 26 March 2017]. Held, D., 2016. Climate Change, Migration and the Cosmopolitan Dilemma. Global Policy Volume, 7(2), pp. 237-246. Marks, S., 2011. The Human Right to Development: Between Rhetoric and Reality. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 17(3), pp. 137-167.

Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Example

Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics. One of the main features or indeed the basis of Utilitarianism is the Greatest happiness for the greatest number theory which posses a secular oUtlook to ethics. Utilitarianism is the doctrine according to which actions are made right or wrong so far as they promote happiness, wrong in so far as they promote the reverse. The form of this definition conceals the fact that Utilitarianism is often called the consequentalist doctrine. One main feature of Utilitarianism is that according to Utilitarianism actions are not themselves intrinsically right or wrong; they are right or wrong in so far as they have good or bad oUtcomes.The version of Utilitarianism which holds the greatest happiness for the greatest number theory was popularised by Jeremy Benthem and his disciple John Mill and from them we have the Greatest happiness principle. This derived from a 19th Century philosopher, Jeremy Benthem (1748-1831) who was the founde r of Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism began life as an ethical principle under Jeremy Bentham who theorised that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In its original form the argument had many flaws, so John Stuart Mill decided to defend the principle of Utility against its critics by refining its ideas making them more practical in society.Classic approaches to ethics stress good intentions as essential to morality. For example, tell the trUth because it is morally good to tell the truth, even if it hurts. Classic approaches to ethics often stress the intrinsic value of morality. Unlike classic approaches Utilitarianism does not distribute happiness or goodness in an equalariean manner. Utilitarianism is not about having ideals; it is an aprori approach to morality, a basis that experience counts for everything. One might call it a moral theory of usefulness in terms of the greater good, not in terms of ones selfish desires.Jeremy Ben thams theory of Utilitarianism was based on observation, that the definite good in terms of pleasure and established that two things are intrinsically good, namely pleasure itself and freedom from pain. His logical progression deduced that we ought to increase what is good by increasing what brings us pleasure or freedom from pain. Thus the Principle of Utility was created- act in such a way as to bring about the greatest happiness of the greatest number working to increase the total sum of pleasure. Mill felt that he could strengthen the argument for Utilitarianism by clarifying its points. In his famous argument he simplifies the term happiness and pleasure used by Bentham, as one major criticism is that the word pleasure does not have the same meaning as the word good.Utilitarianism as an ethical theory possesses a main feature whereby it is concerned with the wants and needs of society. One of the appeals of Utilitarianism lies in its practical value, that it can be applied quic kly to any moral dilemma. This is done in a mathematical form, by computing pleasure in the Hedonic Calculus. This is Benthams way of deciding on the correct or most appropriate course of action by analysing the pleasure that arises from it and comparing it with alternatives. He identified seven factors involved in this process, Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Propinquity, Purity, Fecundity and Extent, which help us weigh and assess the quantity of happiness.However there arise problem, hence, provoking criticisms which I will look at in the second question. One of the problems with the Hedonic Calculus was that it judged the quantity of happiness i.e. the number of people but not the quality of the happiness therefore problems arise in assessing its value. Different pleasures bring different amounts of happiness to different people but in Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theory all pleasures are equal. This received much criticism from Victorian society as like Epicurius he commanded all to en joy swinish pleasures, which were frowned upon by the educated classes at this time.Mill attempted to tackle this pitfall by acknowledging that there were higher and lower pleasures. His proof was based on human experience and proposed that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice that knowledge for an experience, however intense, of a lower pleasure. This is illustrated perfectly in the play Educating Rita by Willie ..Where a working class woman experiences the higher pleasures of literature and feels as if she no longer belongs in a pub experiencing lower pleasures. It is therefore possible to verify which pleasures actually do rate higher than others by the experience of those who have known both. Mills version is deals more adequately with what we regard as valuable about human life i.e. there are better and worse ways of being human. As higher pleasures also include that of moral feeling and well being, for example the joy of a quiet conscience felt by helpi ng others they receive special weighting.They have a higher value than they enjoyed previously under Bentham where they were merely a possibility amongst others so Mill has tackled the criticism that morality is not taken seriously enough. Mill has acknowledged the complexity of the concepts of happiness and pleasure. This system appealed to the reforming element of society who pushed for education reforms so that more could experience higher pleasures and have a better quality of life. Mills theory encounters some problems of its own as this separation of the pleasures into two categories makes the hedonic calculus impossible to execute, as instead of one scale there are now two.How can higher and lower be compared? Is the pleasure felt by ten people at the theatre watching Verdis Tosca worth more than a hundred at the cinema watching the latest Brad Pitt film? Now that the quality is different they cannot be measured against each other therefore nullifying the calculus. In reality his attempt to assess the quality of an action end in stating that higher pleasures are morally superior and therefore preferable. But Mills empirical generalisation that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice it for a lower one is not always correct, as it does not account for aesthetics of the individual.Mills version of Utilitarianism is more acceptable in practise as it recognises issues that Bentham left out of his theorem. His method of qualitative assessment of happiness is a progression from Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s solely quantitative one which recognises educated pursuits above swinish pleasures. Moral issues are given special treatment under his scheme of higher pleasures, which acknowledges our higher regard for them as human beings. He also attempted to tackle the unstable use of Epicurian words but could not overcome issues like the loss of justice or the difficulty of knowing all possible out. His version though more refined is still flawed leaving a gap for theologians of the future to fill.One of the main features of Utilitarianism is the fact that it gives simple straightforward answers to simple questions, hence the average man on the street can relate to it. For someone who wants this type of philosophy, Utilitarianism is just that; simple and straightforward. As an example, if one asks what should be my guiding principle in life? a Utilitarianism would give a one sentence answer, always act in accordance with the Greatest Happiness Principle. And, lets face it, for the average man on the street that is a plausible thing to hear!One thing about Utilitarianism is that it does appear to be right. Right, that is, in so far as they involve saying that suffering is wrong, that we ought not to make people suffer- aim at preventing suffering, and that the promotion of happiness is right. However, this theory rejects the qminority. If one goes by the Greatest Happiness for the greatest number theory, then the minoritys values a re not valid. The consequences of any action are what matters; hence the saying end justifies the means clearly derives from Utilitarianism. There are no rules that govern moral conduct. A Utilitarianism morality is based on experience and every situation based on its own merits. The main, or dare I say the only thing that matters is achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Other features of which at large strengthen Utilitarianism as an ethical theory is it can be easily applied to decision making, its flexible, practical and is concerned with beneficial results. Utilitarianism compliments a secular outlook on society- and after all, we do live in a secular society, a western style capitalist economy, which have Utilitarianism foundations.The premise of Utilitarianism is a basic and indeed obvious one, avoid pain, like pleasure! It certainly doesnt waste time moralising about rules!2. Obviously, utilitarianism does invoke some criticisms. One factor that is simple, yet I feel valid (after all the premise of utilitarianism is simple) is the fact that it cant cope with everyday situations like murder. A situation which accures in every society. If it cant work for a society then as a philosophy it has failed, after all this theory is about how we should behave in society. To a certain extent I think that we are utilitarian, or at least, that the greatest happiness principle is one of our basic moral principles. But are we total utilitarians? I think not, however, here are three questions that I came across that helped me evaluate the criticisms of utilitarian;* Is everything we think wrong, wrong because it violates the greatest happiness principle?* Is everything we think right, right because it is in accordance with the principle?* If someone were a utilitarian through and through would they fulfil our ideal of a truly moral person?By dissecting the first point I am going to look at examples of things which are either utterly wrong, but dont c ome up wrong in utilitarian grounds, or are at least arguably wrong, but justifiable and right on utilitarian grounds. One of these, as I earlier referred to, being murder.Utilitarianism can justify with a judge allowing a criminal to go unpunished and letting an innocent man to be punished. Utilitarianism has two difficulties with murder and such like a) in saying what is ever wrong with it and b) supposing it has solved that problem, in saying why its wrong in certain cases. This objection to utilitarianism does sound, or does tend to sound absurdmurder not being wrong according to utilitarianism? When it is the doctrine of humanitarianism? This seems ridiculas! But, this is where one must remember the consequentalist doctrine- that an act is to be judged on its outcomes.The strongest point I have established from utilitarianism claims that consequences are the most fundamental idea of utilitarianism. The fundamental outlook is that we should look at what will happen from our acti ons and this is when most criticisms come in. There are three main criticisms, justice, rights and looking back at the past. And, is happiness all that matters?Justice- Utilitarianism is an amoral approach as an ethical theory; therefore it can justify actions that ordinarily we would find adherent- torturing terrorists. Utilitarianism is incompatible with the idea of justice. As an example utilitarianism says that the happiness of the whole human race would be increased (no poverty, disease, theft) but one man would have to suffer eternal torture. According to utilitarianism this would be morally right. However, Im sure some would agree that this is terribly wrong! The Golden Rule states do to others as you want done to you.Rights- a philosophy like Situation Ethics (also Christian Ethics) would say that everyone has rights even the minority. Hence the linking phrase- treat your neighbour how you would like to be treated. A minority of people should not lose their rights to the maj ority.Looking at the past- utilitarianism looks at the future to see if an action will produce happiness and how much. What utilitarianism misses is the fact that the actions based on this philosophy are leaving happiness in the past. Suppose you promise to spend time with a younger sibling who was excited about it but you got more happiness watching a video with your boyfriend, even though it means a lot to your younger sibling. Is utilitarianism saying that it is ok to break promises? What utilitarianism misses is the fact that a) you made a promise and from this causes someone hurt; your sibling.It is quite possible with utilitarianism that we encounter unforeseen situations; which have more harmful results than beneficial. The advantage of having ideals is that if an action causes something bad then at least you can fall back on ideals. With utilitarianism there are no such thing as ideals, therefore one cannot fall back on this premise. If one has moral ideals then it means tha t from the start there is good intention, as utilitarianism is a conceqentalist doctrine then it is reliant on outcomes, and outcomes are never certain.Another criticism, which I noticed, is the fact that a problem could arise when two courses of action produce an equal manner of happiness or goodness, and here comes in the problem of quantifying happiness. Benthams hedonic calculus is meaningless for two reasons;* One cannot reduce happiness or pleasure done to a mathematical formula* We all experience pleasure in different ways, the hedonic calculus presumes we experience pleasure in the same way.We could, theoretically justify any action on utilitarianism grounds by claiming that pleasure is personal and therefore cannot be expressed as a mathematical formula.On a bigger scale a good point is that utilitarianism doesnt distribute goodness or happiness in an equal manner. In certain situations this maybe regarded as unfair, for example, global wealth. Basically assuming that the w ealth of the globe is currently distributed in a utilitarianism manner, this means that some of the world population is starving, and this is evident in the world. It would be fairer to redistribute wealth so the poor do not starve, however this may not be justifiable in utilitarianism grounds. It may be that if the wealthy have to give up some of their resources they incur a disproportionate amount of pleasure derived from the poor. Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Example Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics Essay Utilitarianism is a contrast to classic approaches to ethics. One of the main features or indeed the basis of Utilitarianism is the Greatest happiness for the greatest number theory which posses a secular oUtlook to ethics. Utilitarianism is the doctrine according to which actions are made right or wrong so far as they promote happiness, wrong in so far as they promote the reverse. The form of this definition conceals the fact that Utilitarianism is often called the consequentalist doctrine. One main feature of Utilitarianism is that according to Utilitarianism actions are not themselves intrinsically right or wrong; they are right or wrong in so far as they have good or bad oUtcomes.The version of Utilitarianism which holds the greatest happiness for the greatest number theory was popularised by Jeremy Benthem and his disciple John Mill and from them we have the Greatest happiness principle. This derived from a 19th Century philosopher, Jeremy Benthem (1748-1831) who was the founde r of Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism began life as an ethical principle under Jeremy Bentham who theorised that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In its original form the argument had many flaws, so John Stuart Mill decided to defend the principle of Utility against its critics by refining its ideas making them more practical in society.Classic approaches to ethics stress good intentions as essential to morality. For example, tell the trUth because it is morally good to tell the truth, even if it hurts. Classic approaches to ethics often stress the intrinsic value of morality. Unlike classic approaches Utilitarianism does not distribute happiness or goodness in an equalariean manner. Utilitarianism is not about having ideals; it is an aprori approach to morality, a basis that experience counts for everything. One might call it a moral theory of usefulness in terms of the greater good, not in terms of ones selfish desires.Jeremy Ben thams theory of Utilitarianism was based on observation, that the definite good in terms of pleasure and established that two things are intrinsically good, namely pleasure itself and freedom from pain. His logical progression deduced that we ought to increase what is good by increasing what brings us pleasure or freedom from pain. Thus the Principle of Utility was created- act in such a way as to bring about the greatest happiness of the greatest number working to increase the total sum of pleasure. Mill felt that he could strengthen the argument for Utilitarianism by clarifying its points. In his famous argument he simplifies the term happiness and pleasure used by Bentham, as one major criticism is that the word pleasure does not have the same meaning as the word good.Utilitarianism as an ethical theory possesses a main feature whereby it is concerned with the wants and needs of society. One of the appeals of Utilitarianism lies in its practical value, that it can be applied quic kly to any moral dilemma. This is done in a mathematical form, by computing pleasure in the Hedonic Calculus. This is Benthams way of deciding on the correct or most appropriate course of action by analysing the pleasure that arises from it and comparing it with alternatives. He identified seven factors involved in this process, Intensity, Duration, Certainty, Propinquity, Purity, Fecundity and Extent, which help us weigh and assess the quantity of happiness.However there arise problem, hence, provoking criticisms which I will look at in the second question. One of the problems with the Hedonic Calculus was that it judged the quantity of happiness i.e. the number of people but not the quality of the happiness therefore problems arise in assessing its value. Different pleasures bring different amounts of happiness to different people but in Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theory all pleasures are equal. This received much criticism from Victorian society as like Epicurius he commanded all to en joy swinish pleasures, which were frowned upon by the educated classes at this time.Mill attempted to tackle this pitfall by acknowledging that there were higher and lower pleasures. His proof was based on human experience and proposed that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice that knowledge for an experience, however intense, of a lower pleasure. This is illustrated perfectly in the play Educating Rita by Willie ..Where a working class woman experiences the higher pleasures of literature and feels as if she no longer belongs in a pub experiencing lower pleasures. It is therefore possible to verify which pleasures actually do rate higher than others by the experience of those who have known both. Mills version is deals more adequately with what we regard as valuable about human life i.e. there are better and worse ways of being human. As higher pleasures also include that of moral feeling and well being, for example the joy of a quiet conscience felt by helpi ng others they receive special weighting.They have a higher value than they enjoyed previously under Bentham where they were merely a possibility amongst others so Mill has tackled the criticism that morality is not taken seriously enough. Mill has acknowledged the complexity of the concepts of happiness and pleasure. This system appealed to the reforming element of society who pushed for education reforms so that more could experience higher pleasures and have a better quality of life. Mills theory encounters some problems of its own as this separation of the pleasures into two categories makes the hedonic calculus impossible to execute, as instead of one scale there are now two.How can higher and lower be compared? Is the pleasure felt by ten people at the theatre watching Verdis Tosca worth more than a hundred at the cinema watching the latest Brad Pitt film? Now that the quality is different they cannot be measured against each other therefore nullifying the calculus. In reality his attempt to assess the quality of an action end in stating that higher pleasures are morally superior and therefore preferable. But Mills empirical generalisation that no one who has experienced a higher pleasure would sacrifice it for a lower one is not always correct, as it does not account for aesthetics of the individual.Mills version of Utilitarianism is more acceptable in practise as it recognises issues that Bentham left out of his theorem. His method of qualitative assessment of happiness is a progression from Benthamà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s solely quantitative one which recognises educated pursuits above swinish pleasures. Moral issues are given special treatment under his scheme of higher pleasures, which acknowledges our higher regard for them as human beings. He also attempted to tackle the unstable use of Epicurian words but could not overcome issues like the loss of justice or the difficulty of knowing all possible out. His version though more refined is still flawed leaving a gap for theologians of the future to fill.One of the main features of Utilitarianism is the fact that it gives simple straightforward answers to simple questions, hence the average man on the street can relate to it. For someone who wants this type of philosophy, Utilitarianism is just that; simple and straightforward. As an example, if one asks what should be my guiding principle in life? a Utilitarianism would give a one sentence answer, always act in accordance with the Greatest Happiness Principle. And, lets face it, for the average man on the street that is a plausible thing to hear!One thing about Utilitarianism is that it does appear to be right. Right, that is, in so far as they involve saying that suffering is wrong, that we ought not to make people suffer- aim at preventing suffering, and that the promotion of happiness is right. However, this theory rejects the qminority. If one goes by the Greatest Happiness for the greatest number theory, then the minoritys values a re not valid. The consequences of any action are what matters; hence the saying end justifies the means clearly derives from Utilitarianism. There are no rules that govern moral conduct. A Utilitarianism morality is based on experience and every situation based on its own merits. The main, or dare I say the only thing that matters is achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Other features of which at large strengthen Utilitarianism as an ethical theory is it can be easily applied to decision making, its flexible, practical and is concerned with beneficial results. Utilitarianism compliments a secular outlook on society- and after all, we do live in a secular society, a western style capitalist economy, which have Utilitarianism foundations.The premise of Utilitarianism is a basic and indeed obvious one, avoid pain, like pleasure! It certainly doesnt waste time moralising about rules!2. Obviously, utilitarianism does invoke some criticisms. One factor that is simple, yet I feel valid (after all the premise of utilitarianism is simple) is the fact that it cant cope with everyday situations like murder. A situation which accures in every society. If it cant work for a society then as a philosophy it has failed, after all this theory is about how we should behave in society. To a certain extent I think that we are utilitarian, or at least, that the greatest happiness principle is one of our basic moral principles. But are we total utilitarians? I think not, however, here are three questions that I came across that helped me evaluate the criticisms of utilitarian;* Is everything we think wrong, wrong because it violates the greatest happiness principle?* Is everything we think right, right because it is in accordance with the principle?* If someone were a utilitarian through and through would they fulfil our ideal of a truly moral person?By dissecting the first point I am going to look at examples of things which are either utterly wrong, but dont c ome up wrong in utilitarian grounds, or are at least arguably wrong, but justifiable and right on utilitarian grounds. One of these, as I earlier referred to, being murder.Utilitarianism can justify with a judge allowing a criminal to go unpunished and letting an innocent man to be punished. Utilitarianism has two difficulties with murder and such like a) in saying what is ever wrong with it and b) supposing it has solved that problem, in saying why its wrong in certain cases. This objection to utilitarianism does sound, or does tend to sound absurdmurder not being wrong according to utilitarianism? When it is the doctrine of humanitarianism? This seems ridiculas! But, this is where one must remember the consequentalist doctrine- that an act is to be judged on its outcomes.The strongest point I have established from utilitarianism claims that consequences are the most fundamental idea of utilitarianism. The fundamental outlook is that we should look at what will happen from our acti ons and this is when most criticisms come in. There are three main criticisms, justice, rights and looking back at the past. And, is happiness all that matters?Justice- Utilitarianism is an amoral approach as an ethical theory; therefore it can justify actions that ordinarily we would find adherent- torturing terrorists. Utilitarianism is incompatible with the idea of justice. As an example utilitarianism says that the happiness of the whole human race would be increased (no poverty, disease, theft) but one man would have to suffer eternal torture. According to utilitarianism this would be morally right. However, Im sure some would agree that this is terribly wrong! The Golden Rule states do to others as you want done to you.Rights- a philosophy like Situation Ethics (also Christian Ethics) would say that everyone has rights even the minority. Hence the linking phrase- treat your neighbour how you would like to be treated. A minority of people should not lose their rights to the maj ority.Looking at the past- utilitarianism looks at the future to see if an action will produce happiness and how much. What utilitarianism misses is the fact that the actions based on this philosophy are leaving happiness in the past. Suppose you promise to spend time with a younger sibling who was excited about it but you got more happiness watching a video with your boyfriend, even though it means a lot to your younger sibling. Is utilitarianism saying that it is ok to break promises? What utilitarianism misses is the fact that a) you made a promise and from this causes someone hurt; your sibling.It is quite possible with utilitarianism that we encounter unforeseen situations; which have more harmful results than beneficial. The advantage of having ideals is that if an action causes something bad then at least you can fall back on ideals. With utilitarianism there are no such thing as ideals, therefore one cannot fall back on this premise. If one has moral ideals then it means tha t from the start there is good intention, as utilitarianism is a conceqentalist doctrine then it is reliant on outcomes, and outcomes are never certain.Another criticism, which I noticed, is the fact that a problem could arise when two courses of action produce an equal manner of happiness or goodness, and here comes in the problem of quantifying happiness. Benthams hedonic calculus is meaningless for two reasons;* One cannot reduce happiness or pleasure done to a mathematical formula* We all experience pleasure in different ways, the hedonic calculus presumes we experience pleasure in the same way.We could, theoretically justify any action on utilitarianism grounds by claiming that pleasure is personal and therefore cannot be expressed as a mathematical formula.On a bigger scale a good point is that utilitarianism doesnt distribute goodness or happiness in an equal manner. In certain situations this maybe regarded as unfair, for example, global wealth. Basically assuming that the w ealth of the globe is currently distributed in a utilitarianism manner, this means that some of the world population is starving, and this is evident in the world. It would be fairer to redistribute wealth so the poor do not starve, however this may not be justifiable in utilitarianism grounds. It may be that if the wealthy have to give up some of their resources they incur a disproportionate amount of pleasure derived from the poor.

How I Self-Published My First Novel at the Age of 50

How I Self-Published My First Novel at the Age of 50 How I Self-Published My First Novel at the Age of 50 Andy Emery  writes fast-paced thrillers set in 19th Century London. Lucas Gedge, the protagonist of Blood Tribute,  had to wait till Andy turned 50 before he could go out into the world. In this guest post, Andy reveals what finally made him take the leap and self-publish his debut novel. Working with ReedsyIt was evident from the beginning that I would need to hire professional help for two important tasks: designing the cover of my book, and editing. I got the cover sorted out early on, but what to do about the editing?I first heard of Reedsy through a webinar run by Nick Stephenson. The fact that I could tap into a large number of potential editors, all vetted by Reedsy and offering services from structural editing through to proofreading, and communicate with them before making a choice, sounded good to me. Using the Reedsy Marketplace is very straightforward. I determined that I would need content and copy editing followed by proofreading. Then I went through all the professionals who seemed to conform to my requirements and requested quotes from five of them.I plumped for Andrew Lowe to do my content and copy editing, mostly because I liked the way he described himself, his relaxed style, and let’s face it, the fact that his fees were not exorbitant. As a first-time novelist, I was apprehensive about the editing process. But early in our first chat on Skype, Andrew put me at ease. He seemed to 'get it',  regarding what I was trying to achieve, and his approach, using Skype sessions and informal email contacts, was very effective. He explained his suggested changes in a constructive and friendly way.After implementing Andrew’s changes, I went straight on to repeat the process for proofreading, and this time chose Katherine Stephen, who again provided a very proficient and professional service.After formatting the book, it was ready to go, and it was published on Amazon on July 12th, 2016. It remains to be seen how it will do commercially, but I’m in it for the long haul, and I’m already working on the second book in the series. It’s been a very satisfying process, and Reedsy’s editors have been a vital part of that.Blood Tribute is available on Amazon, get your copy here!Could your day job also in spire a fantastic thriller? Head to the comments section below and tell us your profession, as well an idea  for a gripping story based on that job.

Merger of Everything Everywhere, T-mobile & Orange Essay

Merger of Everything Everywhere, T-mobile & Orange - Essay Example The new company would have 28.4 million subscribers (T-mobile UK, 8 September 2009). Another benefit of the merger would be the improvement of the network coverage but also of the network quality (T-mobile UK, 8 September 2009). According to Gervais Pellissier, the CFO of France Telecom, the merger would help both firms to increase their competitiveness in the UK market, but also ‘to develop new services and technologies’ (T-mobile UK, 8 September 2009). In the long term, the merger would result to the decrease of the firms’ operational costs, at least by ?445m annually (OFCOM 2010). The merger was set under examination aiming to ensure that it does not violate the British and the European laws on competition. The case was brought before the European Commission, which decided, in the 1st of March 2010, that the merger would be permitted (Orange Newsroom March 2010) since the terms that the European Commission had set were met. In accordance with OFCOM European Com mission allowed the merger mostly because of the commitments of the firms in terms of ‘spectrum and network sharing’ (OFCOM 2010). ... he specific name was chosen in order to highlight the firm’s potential to offer to its customers ‘instant access to the world around them, to everything everywhere’ (T-mobile UK, 1 July 2010). In practice, the specific strategy, i.e. the use of a new name for the firm resulting from the merger, can be characterized as rather risky, taking into consideration the similar practices of other competitors in the UK mobile industry, which tend to use their own brands. On the other hand, the customers of the new firm, Everything Everywhere Ltd would have the chance to use the mobile networks of both brands, being significantly benefited compared to the customers of other mobile operators in UK (Meyer 2010). At this point, it would be necessary to check whether the merger actually benefited Orange and T-mobile. At a first level, it seems that T-mobile has been more benefited from the specific initiative, compared to Orange, which is already well established in the UK marke t. Indeed, the performance of T-mobile across UK can be characterized as low (BBC News 2010); the merger with Orange would help the firm to improve its market position ‘overnight’ (Shaun Collins in BBC News 2010). After the merger, the position of the two brands in the UK industry is still different; indeed, Orange is still more powerful than T-mobile, with a network of about 17 million subscribers, compared to the 13 million subscribers of T-mobile (Meyer 2010). Moreover, Virgin mobile offers to its customers the potential to use the network of Orange, when being in areas where the Virgin mobile network is not available (Virgin Mobile 2011, Mandalia 2011). The firm that resulted from the merger, Everything Everywhere Limited has a key share in the UK mobile market, reaching ‘the 28 million

History of Taxation in Britain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Taxation in Britain - Research Paper Example The twentieth century started with high spending, which was based on war spending. The First and Second World Wars both lead to very large increases in public spending and rather smaller increases in tax. The Korean War is reported to have a discernible effect, but neither the Falklands (1982) nor the Gulf (1991) conflict seems to have had an impact on spending. The need for more revenue during the war led to increases in tax rates, increases in the coverage of existing taxes and the introduction of wholly new taxes. Perhaps the most dramatic change was to income tax. Prior to the war, income tax had never been a mass tax. It was first introduced in 1799 and was permanently in place from 1842, but there were still fewer than 4 million taxpayers in 1938. By the end of the war, the number of taxpaying families had increased to over 12 million, an increase which was sustained into the following decades. The two marked periods of growth in the last quarter of the century, in the early 1980s and the late 1980s / early 1990s; both the period experienced turmoil in the economic activities of the country, which led both to shrinking GDP and to higher cyclical government spending as unemployment increased gradually. ... pretend as, for each UK household the government allocated 14,000 and 15,000, the amount is equivalent to the post-tax income a childless couple would need to be in the middle of the income distribution, or the amount required by the retired UK national. Local taxes have been an important type of revenue for the UK economy, it accounted for one-third of total revenues, however, its importance declined after World War I and II. 'In the early twentieth century, these accounted for up to a third of total revenues, but their importance declined as the taxes required to pay for both World Wars were raised at the national level', (A. Dilnot and C. Emmerson, 'The economic environment', in A. H. Halsey with J. Webb, Twentieth Century British Social Trends, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2000). Revising the British history of tax returns, local taxes, (chiefly a property tax called 'rates', which had both business and household components) was estimated to be seven percent of GGR. However, after 196 0, the local taxes represented more than 10 percent of GGR, and have remained consistent throughout. However, from 2000 onwards, local taxes have again become much less significant, representing only between 3 and 4 percent of revenues in the last decade of the twentieth century.  Ã‚